Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, A Prolific Writer Of Concertos

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1757 - 1791, was a prolific writer of concertos, composing 27 piano concertos. Throughout his writing he developed the use of the cadenza, highlighting the performer’s talent with a virtuosic passage. Not all Mozart’s cadenzas have survived therefore future composers have attempted to recreate these passages, often reflecting the period in which they were written. Cadenza comes from the Latin ‘Cadere’, ‘to fall’ and broadly means a flourish at the end of a single melodic line. In the Medieval period pieces contained flourishes to enhance their final cadences, though few were notated. This is the cadenza in its earliest form. In late seventeenth-century opera the ‘improvised cadenza’ was purely virtuosic notes†¦show more content†¦An example of this is in the first movement of C.P.E. Bach’s Harpsichord Concerto in G major H475 below. Ex. 1: Obbligato cadenzas in C.P.E. Bach Harpsichord Concerto, H 475, First Movement. By the mid eighteenth century the cadenza had become an established element of the concerto, a tradition contributed to by the fact that the cadenza added drama, created contrast between the tutti and solo performer and created a conclusion. Most cadenzas were at a cadential six-four, placed toward the final solo section of the movement as shown above. Mozart was an influential composer in the eighteenth century, composing many of his works for the pianoforte. Mozart’s early cadenzas do not usually quote from the movement within which they were written. These ‘generic’ cadenzas often consist of scales and arpeggios which, in theory, could be transferred for use in another concerto in similar tempo and key. This happens in the cadenza of the first movement of K. 238 in B-flat major which is made of regular scales and consists of no real thematic material relating to the work. As the eighteenth century improvised cadenza began to develop, the passages became longer and more virtuosic. Mozart and Daniel Turk (1750-1813), notable composer, organist, scholar and peer of Quantz, both disagreed with this, believing that the new cadenzas were distracting from the work.

The Battle Of The Uss Maine - 1458 Words

On April 19th, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain. Over the next three months the United States, along with Cuban Rebels waged war against the Spanish forces in hopes of returning the Cuban lands back to its people. President McKinley who was pressured into war by yellow press, sent American forces into battle which ultimately led to the birth of a western hemispheric super power, the United States. The sinking of the USS Maine, the use of yellow press journalism, and the national uproar and motivation is what drove the Americans to victory. Valeriano Weyler, the Spanish General in Cuba, started a campaign called Subjugation or Death. This bloody campaign was Spain’s attempt to force the local people into slavery. Filled with concentration camps, burning villages and murdering Cubans, this campaign took the lives of over 200,000 Cuban people. Since Spain was aware that the US had sympathy towards the Cuban rebels this endangered the lives of American citizens liv ing there. The USS Maine was built in 1888 and was seen as advanced American battleship modeled after advanced European designs. President McKinley while keeping a close eye on the events unfolding in his neighboring country, sent the USS Maine to the island of Key West, only 90 miles from Havana, Cuba. The USS Maine was sent in anticipation of an evacuation of American’s from Cuba should things get worse. In January of 1898 rioting broke out in Cuba which led to the dispatch of the USS Maine. SpainShow MoreRelatedThe End of a New Beginning Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThunderous booms and bangs sounded the evening of February 15, 1898. The battleship Maine exploded on the harbors in Havana, Cuba. Panicky passengers scurried frightened to safety, while some remained trapped, helplessly, with no possible escape. Startled survivors searched for crew members and friends. The battleship which detonated into several pieces sank to the ocean floor dragging rapt wounded and dead. Two-hundred and sixty-six of the three-hundred and fifty-five officers, crew members, sailorsRead MoreThe Bombing Of The Uss Maine1404 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 15th, 1898, the USS Maine was hit with a mine as it sat in the Havana Harbor. There is large speculation to whether that is the truth or not. Over the years it is still a topic of debate as of what caused the explosion. Some believe that the Spaniards did it, others believe it was a clumsy mistake of misplaced ammo, others believe it was a spontaneous coal fire that caught a box of ammunition on fire. No matter the cause, the loss of the ship and 260 of her crew was devastating to AmericaRead MoreThe Spanish American War Was A Conflict Between Spain And America919 Words   |  4 Pagesdistorts, or exaggerates the news to attract readers. A truce was called and Spain allowed Cuba to have limited power of self-government. Nevertheless, the demand for the US to intervene with the conflict grew and it resulted in the s inking of the USS Maine in the Havana Harbor in Cuba. The battleship had an explosion that resulted in 260 sailors dead. The explosion was thought to have been caused by the Spanish even though it was never proven.This led to the start of the war. Spain declared war onRead MoreContinental Marines Essays1245 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Mullen, was so successful at recruiting people into the Marines, that he was commissioned as a Captain and is now known as the first Marine Corps Recruiter. The recruited Marines were soon called to action. Although they mainly fought naval battles during the Revolutionary war, they distinguished themselves from British Marines by undertaking the then unorthodox missions of landing parties and other services on land. One preferred tactic of the sharp shooters was to hide among the rigging andRead MoreCause Of The Spanish American War1562 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of the Spanish-American War - In April of 1898, America declared war against Spain and this was a result of the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana in February of that same year. After months of war and wrangles, the war came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on the 10th of December in 1898.1 The end of the war saw that the Spaniards had loss complete control over majority of their remaining empires that were aboard including Cuba, Philippines Islands, Puerto Rico, andRead MoreBrooklyn : The Brooklyn Navy Yard1709 Words   |  7 Pageseventually employed approximately 6,000 people. In 1890, the Yard delivered to the sea the ill-fated Maine. The Brooklyn Navy Yard was repsonsible for the construction of three vessels from 1900 to 1910 (the battleships USS Florida (BB-30), USS Connecticut (BB-18), and the fleet collier USS Vestal (AR-4). During WWI, ship production at the Brooklyn Navy Yard produced two ships, the USS Arizona (BB-39) and the USS New Mexico (BB-40), In the late 1930s, the U.S. Navy wanted to construct a series of state-of-the-artRead MoreA Positive Impact On The United States991 Words   |  4 Pagesthe USS Maine sunk in Cuba’s Havana harbor. The president of the United States, President William McKinley, declared war as a result of the navy ship exploding and being sunk. A large number of U.S. crew members died from this tragedy. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders began battle. The United States believed that Spain was responsible for what happen to the USS Maine. This war is known as the Spanish-American War. United States soldiers defeated Spanish armies throughout the battle. TheRead MoreThe Imperial Republic1299 Words   |  6 Pagesrose up in a violent attack against the Spanish and under General Valeriano Weyler the Spanish crushed the Cubans. The US stepped in but President Cleveland proclaimed America was neutral in this dispute. On February 15 1898 the attacking of The USS Maine in the Havana Harbor br oke US neutrality and in April the splendid little war began. IX. General Valeriano Weyler Sent into Cuba by the Spanish to crush the Cuban rebels. Since the Cubans fought in Guerrilla tactics this disorganized manner ofRead MoreAmphibious Warfare During The Continental Navy1687 Words   |  7 Pagesand coordination of the assaults. Preparations for the Penobscot Expedition began in response to the establishment of Fort George at Majabigwaduce, a small Loyalist town in modern-day Maine, under British General Francis McLean, commander of His Majesty’s forces at Majabigwaduce (Greenburg 98). Being that Maine was a part of Massachusetts at the time, it was left to this state to remove the British forces before they could establish a proper base to deter American shipping and privateer raidingRead MoreCause Of The Spanish American War1406 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of the Spanish-American War In April of 1898 America finally declared war against Spain and this was as a result of the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana in February of the same year. After months of war and wrangles, the war came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10th of December 1898.1 The end of the war saw the Spaniards loss complete control over majority of their remaining empires aboard including Cuba, Philippines Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam among other

Antimicrobial Effects of Cilantro free essay sample

A drop of cilantro juice and water in varying concentrations (1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80) was added to a nutrient agar plate inoculated with S. epidermis and a nutrient agar plate inoculated with E. coli. The plates were incubated for 48 hours and then observed for a zone of clearing where the cilantro juice drop was placed. Cilantro was found to not display antimicrobial activity against either bacterium in the experiment in any of the different dilutions. These results could have to do with the possible contamination of cilantro or the specific bacteria we chose to target. Additional studies of cilantro should be conducted on different types of bacteria in order to gain a better understanding of how the herb works as an antimicrobial. Introduction Herbs and spices have been used for many years for their health benefits and antimicrobial properties (Lai amp; Roy, 2004). Cilantro, an herb found in many ethnic food dishes, has been shown to have an antibacterial effect on Salmonella choleraesuis due to the compound dodecanal found in the leaves. Dodecanal was found to be twice as potent as the antibiotic gentamicin that is commonly prescribed for Salmonella infections (Kubo, Fujita, Kubo, Nihei, amp; Ogura, 2004). The antimicrobial properties of cilantro have also been demonstrated against the bacteria’s Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli (Marsh amp; Arriola, 2009). We decided to conduct our own experiment to see if cilantro had any antimicrobial effect on the bacteria’s Staphylococcus epidermis and Escherichia coli. Experiments about the antimicrobial properties of herbs re interesting because their results can affect the way people choose to eat. For example, if a certain herb is found to delay food spoilage then perhaps people will choose to include it more often in their cuisines. Or, if a study finds that an herb has an antibacterial effect on an organism commonly found on produce, perhaps a fruit and vegetable wash could be produced that contains the herb in order to help prevent inf ection. We chose both a gram positive bacterium (S. epidermis) and a gram negative bacterium (E. oli) to see if a bacterial outer membrane would inhibit any antibacterial effect of cilantro. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane and gram positive bacteria do not (Tortura, Funke, amp; Case, 2010). We predicted that cilantro would have an antimicrobial effect on S. epidermis but not on E. coli. We inoculated two nutrient agar plates, covering each with one of the bacteria’s, and divided each plate into quarters. We then placed one drop of cilantro juice mixed with water in each of the four sections in different concentrations. This allowed us to see if a minimum concentration of cilantro was needed to produce an antimicrobial effect. We then incubated the plates at 37 degrees Celsius to allow the bacteria to grow and evaluated the plates after 48 hours. We expected to see a clearing of bacteria in at least one of the quadrants of the plate containing S. epidermis and did not expect to see any clearing of bacteria on the E. coli plate. Methods 1. Label one nutrient agar plate S. epidermis and one nutrient agar plate E. coli and divide each plate into quarters. Label each quarter with the different dilutions : 1:10, 1:20, 1:40, and 1:80. 2. Inoculate and label one water blank with S. epidermis and one water blank with E. coli. 3. Create a lawn plate of S. epidermis by dipping the inoculating loop into the water/S. epidermis tube and streaking the loop across the nutrient agar plate labeled S. epidermis. The entire surface of the plate should be inoculated with bacteria by zigzagging the loop across the plate after every quarter turn. After the initial zigzag, the plate should be turned three more times for streaking to be performed. Repeat this process by making a lawn plate of E. coli. 4. Put nine drops of sterile water into one of the depressions of the sterile spot plate using a sterile Pasteur pipette and a third unused sterile water blank. Put five drops of sterile water into three more depressions of the sterile spot plate. 5. Ground cilantro using a mixer or juicer and add the last sterile water blank to the cilantro in order to obtain a drop of cilantro juice. 6. Put the cilantro juice drop into the first depression of the sterile spot plate that already has the nine drops of water in it using a sterile eye dropper. This creates a dilution of cilantro of 1:10 (1 drop cilantro juice out of a total of 10 parts/drops). 7. With the same sterile Pasteur pipet used to add water to the sterile spot plate, mix the cilantro juice and water contained in the first depression of the sterile spot plate. Put one drop of the first depression mixture into the section of the S. epidermis nutrient agar plate labeled 1:10. Repeat this step for the E. coli nutrient agar plate. 8. Using the same first Pasteur pipet, put five drops of the first depression mixture into the second depression of the sterile spot plate. Take a new, second sterile pipet and mix the cilantro juice and water contained in the second depression of the sterile spot plate. Put one drop of the second depression mixture into the section of the S. epidermis nutrient agar plate labeled 1:20. Repeat this step for the E. coli nutrient agar plate. 9. Using the same second Pasteur pipet, put five drops of the second depression mixture into the third depression of the sterile spot plate. Take a new, third sterile pipet and mix the cilantro juice and water contained in the third depression of the sterile spot plate. Put one drop of the third depression mixture into the section of the S. epidermis nutrient agar plate labeled 1:40. Repeat this step for the E. coli nutrient agar plate. 10. Using the same third Pasteur pipet, put five drops of the third depression mixture into the fourth depression of the sterile spot plate. Take a new, fourth sterile pipet and mix the cilantro juice and water contained in the fourth depression of the sterile spot plate. Put one drop of the fourth depression mixture into the section of the S. epidermis nutrient agar plate labeled 1:80. Repeat this step for the E. coli nutrient agar plate. 11. Incubate both nutrient agar plates at thirty seven degrees Celsius for at least forty eight hours. Results Cilantro did not display antimicrobial activity against S. epidermis and E. coli in our experiment. A clear zone where the cilantro juice drop was placed would be indicative of cilantro acting as an antibiotic because bacteria would be cleared from the area. Both the S. epidermis and E. coli lawn plates showed no clearing in any of the four dilution sections (1:10, 1:20, 1:40, 1:80) where a drop of cilantro juice was placed. Interestingly, there was additional microbial growth where the cilantro juice drop was placed.

Jacksonian Era Essays - Second Party System, Andrew Jackson

Jacksonian Era Jacksonian Era The Jackson democrats attempted to amplify the strength of lower classes' poor, while decreasing the influence of the rich and powerful. Economically, they benefited from governing during a time of leading advances in transportation, which boosted commerce and helped the common man. Politically, they invested power into an overwhelmingly powerful executive branch. The Jacksonian democrats portrayed themselves as saviors of the common people and ruled via a powerful executive who attempted to destroy aristocracy in America. However, they were atypically wealthy, supported equality between white men only, enacted disastrous economic policies and disregarded the capability of the federal government. Further, they did not introduce democracy in America, rather merely used it and benefited from it. During the first half of the 19th century numerous advancements enhanced the growth of the United States. A market revolution occurred as a yeoman and cash crop agriculture and capitalist manufacturing replaced artisan economy. Despite the prosperity, a split was emerging between the industrializing urban north, rural South, and the expanding West. The Jacksonians passed the Tariff of 1828, which opened opportunity for western agriculture and New England manufacturing, but was detrimental to the South. Andrew Jackson and Jacksonian democrats believed that the US bank placed too much control into the hands of a wealthy few. Due to this fact, Jackson vetoed the bank's recharter in 1832. In attempt to benefit the lower, working classes, he placed the federal money in "pet" state banks. This attempt destabilized the national currency, decreased currency in markets, and displayed favoritism in Jacksonian policies. Like most Jacksonian economic policies it failed and the reduction in currency spread inflation which the Treasury Act of 1840 could not stop. Jacksonians tried to assist whites through economic policies but failed. Foreign observers viewed that in America, every man is free and independent, but there was great division in American attitude. Disturbances and insurrections broke out across the country by minorities, because they were not helped by egalitarian efforts which were focused on white males. Jackson's hypocrisy and cruelty in his Indian removal practices (after his decisive victory at Horseshoe Bend, Alabama, March 1814) showed the non-universal principles held by the democrats. Fearful of angering Southern voters, Jacksonians veered away from extending egalitarian policies to slaves. Women received little improvement. Although viewed as defenders of all common men, Jacksonian democrats shunned minorities and only assisted white men. Andrew Jackson was the first president to fully utilize the powers of the executive branch and establish it as an equal, if not superior branch. Henry Clay viewed Jackson as dictatorial and unconstitutional and persuaded the Congress to discipline him in 1834, but Jacksonian propaganda continued to portray Jackson as a common man. Jacksonian democrats did not sustain three separate and equal branches of government, as Constitutionally required. Jacksonians were strict constitutionalists, vetoing the Maysville Road Bill because it did not benefit the whole country and it eliminated the bank. However, they also participated in the passionate nationalism prevailing at the time. Contrary to Calhoun and South Carolina's reassertion of the confederation principles of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, Jacksonians believed in a firm union. In the compromise Tariff of 1832, they reduced the previous tariffs, but also included a Force Bill, which authorized the President to use arms to collect dues in South Carolina. Jacksonians were tough nationalists in foreign affairs too, almost going to war with France in 1835 upon failure to pay its debt. They also were instrumental in dramatically increasing the electorate and encouraging participation in the political process. Jacksonian democrats were above all outstanding propagandists. They were able to portray themselves as defenders of the common man, while they usually tended to be wealthy and 'common man' appointees were often inefficient and corrupt. They also tried to further reform movements but ended up decreasing economic opportunity. Although often supporters of states' rights and individuality (i.e. the bank issue), they also were strong nationalists (i.e. South Carolina nullification). Jacksonians strived to preserve the unifying principles that the Constitution contained, but acted in contempt of it when they asserted the overwhelming power of the executive branch. Jacksonian democracy did allow more people to vote than ever before and made government more directly responsible to the people. Finally, they established a strong executive, directly responsible to the people, and increased faith in government. Overall, Jacksonians honestly attempted to help common Americans.

Geography at Harvard

Geography at Harvard In the latter half of the 20th century, geography as an academic discipline suffered greatly, especially in American higher education. The reasons for this are undoubtedly many, but the biggest contributor was arguably a decision made at Harvard University in 1948 in which university President James Conant declared geography to be not a university subject. In the ensuing decades, universities began dropping geography as an academic discipline until it was no longer found in the nations top schools. But American Geographer, Carl Sauer, wrote in the opening paragraph of Education of a Geographer that the interest [in geography] is immemorial and universal; should we [geographers] disappear, the field will remain and not become vacant. Such a prediction is bold to say the very least. But, is Sauers assertion true? Could geography, with all its historical and contemporary importance, withstand an academic hit like it took at Harvard? What Happened At Harvard? Several key figures emerge in this debate. The first was President James Conant. He was a physical scientist, used to the rigorous nature of research and the employment of a distinct scientific methodology, something which geography was accused of lacking at that time. His charge as the president was to guide the university through the financially lean times in the post-World War II years. The second key figure is Derwent Whittlesey, the chair of the geography department. Whittlesey was a human geographer, for which he was heavily criticized. Physical scientists at Harvard, including many geographers and geologists, felt that human geography was unscientific, lacked rigor, and was not deserving of a place at Harvard. Whittlesey also had a sexual preference which was not as widely accepted in 1948. He hired his live-in partner, Harold Kemp, as a geography lecturer for the department. Kemp was considered by many a mediocre scholar which lent support to geographys critics. Alexander Hamilton Rice, another figure in the Harvard geography affair, founded the Institute for Geographical Exploration at the university. He was considered by many to be a charlatan and would often leave on an expedition while he was supposed to be teaching classes. This made him an annoyance to President Conant and the Harvard administration and did not help geographys reputation. Also, prior to founding the institute, Rice and his wealthy wife tried buying the presidency of the American Geographical Society, contingent on Isaiah Bowman, chair of the geography department at Johns Hopkins University, being removed from the position. Ultimately the plan did not work but the incident did create tension between Rice and Bowman. Isaiah Bowman was a graduate of the geography program at Harvard and was a promoter of geography, just not at his alma mater. Years earlier, a work of Bowmans had been rejected by Whittlesey for use as a geography textbook. The rejection led to an exchange of letters which strained relations between them. Bowman was also described as puritanical and it is supposed that he did not like Whittleseys sexual preference. He also did not like Whittleseys partner, a mediocre scholar, being associated with his alma mater. As a distinguished alumnus, Bowman was part of the committee to evaluate geography at Harvard. It is widely considered that his actions on the geography evaluation committee effectively ended the department at Harvard. Geographer Neil Smith wrote in 1987 that Bowmans silence condemned Harvard Geography and later, when he tried to resuscitate it, his words put nails in the coffin. But, Is Geography Still Being Taught At Harvard? Four Traditions of Geography Earth Science Tradition - earth, water, atmosphere, and relationship to the sunMan-land Tradition - humans and the environment, natural hazards, population, and environmentalismArea Studies Tradition - world regions, international trends, and global relationshipsSpatial Tradition - spatial analysis, geographic information systems Researching Harvard academics online reveals the degree courses for each program are included to show the geographic nature of material being taught within them. Its also important to note that geography was likely ousted at Harvard because of clashing personalities and budgets cuts, not because it wasnt an important academic subject. One could say that it was up to geographers to defend the reputation of geography at Harvard and they failed. Now it is up to those who believe in the merits of geography to reinvigorate it in American education by encouraging and promoting geographic teaching and literacy and supporting rigorous geography standards in schools. This article is adapted from a paper, Geography at Harvard, Revisited, also by the author. Important References: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 77 no. 2 155-172. Vol. 77 no. 2 155-172.

Conflict managment among nursing professionals Essay

Conflict managment among nursing professionals - Essay Example Therefore, this paper is meant to research on how efficient communication among nursing professionals is very crucial in conflict management, workplace satisfaction, patient satisfaction and safety. Proper communication mechanisms are essential for conflict management among nursing professionals. Good communication skills aid in streamlining the relationship among the nursing professionals which provide a level working environment. In fact, efficient communication skills allow the nursing professionals interact freely and without commotions and therefore are able to execute their duties more efficiently and in harmony. It is through efficient communication that the nursing professionals can get to share ideas and gain more skills. The nursing professionals must strive to develop smooth communication strategies to aid in managing conflicts. Effective communication strategies enhance solution of issues on time before they get out of hand. For instance, timely management of hostility between two nurses will promote workplace satisfaction since the disagreement will last for a short time. According to Arnold & Boggs (2011), a hostile situation between nursing professionals may emanate from mockery of one’s opinion by others. In essence, the conflict management department should ensure that any communication made to ridicule someone’s opinion is prohibited to prevent a conflict from arising. In fact, the management needs to provide a level ground for dialogue between the conflicting parties. Dialogue is among the most preferable mechanisms for conflict management. Successful dialogue between quarreling nursing professionals can inculcate respect between them which might aid team building and efficient performance. Efficient communication eliminates confusion by patients and this promotes their satisfaction. Conflicts among nursing professionals result

Choose one advertising image (preferably fashion or interiors) and Speech Presentation

Choose one advertising image (preferably fashion interiors) and visually analyse it - Speech or Presentation Example The advert indicates the significance of having a classy travel bag. The inclusion of an older model and a younger one is to show that class has no limit of age. The Louis Vuitton brand wants to cut across all ages. Therefore, the marketting strategy is focussed on showing the importance and usability of the travel bags. The travel bags not only cater for the luggage carried but they also bring out the aspects of different classes and culture.The image tends to capture the quality of embracing a unique father daughter relationship that is enriched by the shared experience (Popsugar Fashion, 2008). Moreover the image illustrates Louis Vuitton heritage as being passed from one generation to the next. The irony depicted in most of LouisVuitton adverts is the use of poor countries to maret their brand. There are a couple of formal elements that can be viewed from the photograph. These are value, colour, forms and shape. Value is the amount of light that is in the given image(Barrett, 2000). In this case the amount of light is minimal as the image was shot in early evening. Contrast of white and black can be depicted from view. Colour used in the image especially the black and white theme is used to differentiate space, shape and forms based on the different shades of gray. Forms are illustrated by the various shapes adopted in the image such as the square images of the books and the stools. Finally, space around the area of the image shot is minimised to predict the way the image is viewed. The photographer creates a sense of balance as she harmoniously combines the value, forms, colour and space to bring out a well-structured photograph. The image is shot by Annie Leiboritz who is regarded to as a unique photographer. Her fashion photographs are quite beautiful and amazing. The style that is depicted from the image is that of modernism. A lot of aspects are incorporated when high end